This cross-flow removes cake layer formed on the membrane surface as the filtration progresses. In today’s marketplace there is a growing demand for higher production rates from RO membranes. Many light commercial applications require high water output in which standard thin-film membranes have not been able to meet. Many tap water reverse osmosis membrane elements were initially designed to achieve specified flow and rejection rates under only 15% recovery, thus dispensing a lot of water to the drain.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY As described above, the present invention has high industrial applicability since it has a feature enabling the reuse of the membrane element and the like. As an example of the microporous filtration membrane 1, a Yumicron membrane manufactured by Yuasa Corporation, which has a number of micro pores with average pore size of 0.4 μm, can be used. The microporous filtration member 1 having such average pore size is called as a microfiltration membrane according to the definition of JIS K 3802. The aforesaid plate 2 as used is made of an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer resin. Providing each microporous filtration membrane 1 on the plate 2 in tension is achieved by joining the peripheral part of the plate 2 to the microporous filtration membrane without fusing the nonwoven fabric acting as the substrate 11. 2, when pressed by a linear-shaped hot plate disposed along the positioning line 21, the plate 2 is softened to have a recess, into which the microporous filtration membrane 1 is drawn, as represented by arrows.
The penultimate sugar is galactose and the terminal sugar is sialic acid, as the sugar backbone is modified in the Golgi apparatus. Sialic acid carries a negative charge, providing an external barrier to charged particles. The lipid bilayer hypothesis, proposed in 1925 by Gorter and Grendel, created speculation to the description of the cell membrane bilayer structure based on crystallographic studies and soap bubble observations. In an attempt to accept or reject the hypothesis, researchers measured membrane thickness. In 1925 it was determined by Fricke that the thickness of erythrocyte and yeast cell membranes ranged between 3.3 and 4 nm, a thickness compatible with a lipid monolayer.
In the invention , in addition to the above advantages, the application of the pressure by the hot plate can be achieved by one action, which contributes to the simplification of the manufacturing process and is advantageous in manufacturing a large-sized membrane element. The invention can contribute to the improvement of the aforesaid advantages. In the invention , the temperature is set to be within such a range as to soften the thermoplastic resin plate while not fusing the nonwoven fabric acting as the substrate. Therefore, the nonwoven fabric and the thermoplastic resin plate are not fused and mixed together.
A portion of this section has been further enlarged in 5a to show the positional relationship between the constituents. 4 is an enlarged cross-section view of a recessed portion of the permeate side of the RFP element of FIG. A portion of this section has been further enlarged in section 4a to show the positional relationship between the constituents.
The outer membrane typically has a porous quality due to its presence of membrane proteins, such as gram-negative porins, which are pore-forming proteins. The inner, plasma membrane is also generally symmetric whereas the outer membrane is asymmetric because of proteins such as the aforementioned. Also, for the prokaryotic membranes, there are multiple things that can affect the fluidity. One of the major factors that can affect the fluidity is fatty acid composition.
When polypropylene, which has a fusing point of 170° C., is used, the temperature of the hot plate is set to be equal to or lower than 170° C. and preferably equal to or lower than 130° C., which is its deflection temperature under load. Although an ABS resin is used for the plate for filtration, a polyvinylchloride or polyethylene plate may be used. When polyvinylchloride is used, the temperature of the hot plate is better to be set to be equal to or higher than 80° C., which is its Vicat softening temperature. When polyester is used and it is, for example, high density polyethylene, the temperature of the hot plate is better to be set to be equal to or higher than 100° C., which is its fusing point.